Referring back

above

in the last section

at the beginning of the paper or chapter

To summarize US and GB or summarise GB:

To sum up:

To recap:

as already noted

as already mentioned

as already stated

as shown above

as already discussed

as stated or discussed or described in …

as stated or discussed or described above

… of the kind or type described or discussed above

for reasons discussed above

as a result of the factors discussed in …

the points discussed above

… has already been pointed out above

… has already been referred to or touched on earlier

It was noted earlier or above that or how …

Returning to the example of …, …

This type of development etc. has already been referred to in chapter X

the discussion above has argued …

the discussion so far has concentrated on …

the preceding discussion has shown how …

…, which has been shown to …

We have previously shown how …

The discussion above demonstrates clearly …

From the preceding discussion it is clear that …

Given the … discussed or described above, …

In view of this, …

As a result, …

So far, I have not commented on …