Referring back
above
in the last section
at the beginning of the paper or chapter
To summarize US and GB or summarise GB:
To sum up:
To recap:
as already noted
as already mentioned
as already stated
as shown above
as already discussed
as stated or discussed or described in …
as stated or discussed or described above
… of the kind or type described or discussed above
for reasons discussed above
as a result of the factors discussed in …
the points discussed above
… has already been pointed out above
… has already been referred to or touched on earlier
It was noted earlier or above that or how …
Returning to the example of …, …
This type of development etc. has already been referred to in chapter X
the discussion above has argued …
the discussion so far has concentrated on …
the preceding discussion has shown how …
…, which has been shown to …
We have previously shown how …
The discussion above demonstrates clearly …
From the preceding discussion it is clear that …
Given the … discussed or described above, …
In view of this, …
As a result, …
So far, I have not commented on …