The list below gives irregular verbs common in university and research writing.
Base Form | Past Form | Participle |
arise | arose | arisen |
bear | bore | borne |
become | became | become |
begin | began | begun |
bend | bent | bent |
bind | bound | bound |
bite | bit | bitten |
bleed | bled | bled |
break | broke | broken |
breed | bred | bred |
bring | brought | brought |
build | built | built |
cast | cast | cast |
choose | chose | chosen |
cut | cut | cut |
deal | dealt | dealt |
draw | drew | drawn |
fall | fell | fallen |
feed | fed | fed |
feel | felt | felt |
find | found | found |
forecast | forecast | forecast |
forget | forgot | forgotten |
freeze | froze | frozen |
give | gave | given |
go | went | gone |
grind | ground | ground |
grow | grew | grown |
hear | heard | heard |
hide | hid | hidden |
hold | held | held |
know | knew | known |
lay | laid | laid |
lead | led | led |
leave | left | left |
let | let | let |
lose | lost | lost |
make | made | made |
mean | meant | meant |
mistake | mistook | mistaken |
override | overrode | overridden |
read | read | read |
rise | rose | risen |
run | ran | run |
see | saw | seen |
seek | sought | sought |
send | sent | sent |
set | set | set |
shake | shook | shaken |
shed | shed | shed |
show | showed | shown |
shrink | shrank | shrunk |
shut | shut | shut |
sing | sang | sung |
sink | sank | sunk |
sit | sat | sat |
sleep | slept | slept |
sow | sowed | sown |
speak | spoke | spoken |
spend | spent | spent |
spin | spun | spun |
spread | spread | spread |
spring | sprang | sprung |
stand | stood | stood |
strike | struck | stuck |
strive | strove | striven |
swim | swam | swum |
take | took | taken |
teach | taught | taught |
tear | tore | torn |
tell | told | told |
think | thought | thought |
throw | threw | thrown |
tread | trod | trodden |
undergo | underwent | undergone |
understand | understood | understood |
undertake | undertook | undertaken |
wear | wore | worn |
win | won | won |
wind | wound | wound |
withdraw | withdrew | withdrawn |
withstand | withstood | withstood |
write | wrote | written |