X’s study of …

X’s 2015 etc. paper on …

X’s 2015 etc. study, entitled …, examines etc. …

In a study of …, X …

X’s investigation of …

X’s discussion of …

X and Y examine …

X and Y examine or discuss in detail …

X analyses GB or analyzes US …

X’s study looks at …

X gives an overview of …

The authors discuss …

written from the standpoint of …

The title of the study, …, suggests that …

Topics covered or treated include …

The core of X’s argument is that …

the study or X touches on a number of points

one is immediately struck by …

the arguments are consistent with an approach that …

The study or their work, like that of …, is influenced by …

The basic contention of … is that …

a vigorous defence GB or defense US of …

X’s unorthodox approach

X avoids this difficulty by …

According to X and Y, …

The authors argue that …

X believes that …

In X’s view, …

X attributes … to …

X argues for …

X and Y propose that …

X’s argument that …

X advocates …

The authors point out that …

X comments on or that …

X’s observation that …

X explains … as …

X’s point that …

X compares … to …

The authors point to the …

X draws our attention to …

X is careful to point out that …

X is clearly aware of or that …

The author is clearly very familiar with …

The author demonstrates an intimate knowledge of …

X also recognizes US and GB or recognises GB …

…, as X states

…, as X indeed points out

…, as X makes clear

The following quote illustrates …

…, as the following quote illustrates:

… is especially evident

Typical comments by X are …

It is clear from these comments that …

From the text or article it is clear that …

One reading of this would be …

One interpretation of this would be …

Reading between the lines, …

It would be interesting to know or hear the author’s thoughts on …

a tacit assumption

An assumption, implicit in X’s argument, is …

X and Y found that …

X’s theory reveals …

X’s theory demonstrates …

X concludes from the data that …

The most interesting finding relates to …

It is interesting that …

Without wishing to take sides, …

to sit on the fence

X has gone some way towards …

X probably comes closest to …

X’s study raises a number of important issues

The issues raised by X warrant further discussion

The work challenges the assumption of or that …

X’s study or work departs radically from current thinking on …

Clearly, if X’s theory is correct, then …

Although some have argued …,

significant differences exist or remain between … and …

In contrast to …, X sees the reason for …

X’s theory or explanation is perhaps preferable to Y’s in that it …

X and Y suggest instead that …

X’s theory is most plausible with regard to …

X is clearly aware of the difficulties involved in …

X rejects the view or idea that …

X seeks to justify …

X justifies this by …

On the strength of this evidence, X argues that …

X stops short of …

X admits, however, that …

X acknowledges that …

X concedes that …

Overall, …

On balance, …

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