Type of study

an initial study of …

an exploratory study of …

a pilot study of …

an overview of …

a survey of …

a critical survey of …

a comprehensive investigation of …

a detailed analysis of …

an in-depth analysis of …

a comparative study of …

a comparative investigation of …

a comparison of …

a theoretical approach

a theoretical analysis of …

a statistical analysis of …

an empirical study or investigation of …

a series of experiments

to conduct an experiment on …

a field study of …

a case study of …

a chronological account of …

a programme GB or program US to or of …

a questionnaire completed by …

interviews carried out between … and … at or in …

a new approach

a new approach to the problem of …

a holistic approach

Method

by examining …

… is or can be obtained by …

with the help of …

with the aid of …

by means of …

by application of …

A useful tool for … is …

an indispensable tool in …

this device enables us to …

we have a number of techniques at our disposal

…, drawing on …

incorporating a number of …

in the context of …

in conjunction with …

based primarily on …

a process involving …

within the framework of …

a or the frame of reference

First we select … ; we then select

Stage or step 1 involves …. In stage or step 2, we …

Phase 1 …; phase 2 …; phase 3 …

We used …

… to study the effects of … on …

… to examine the effects of … on …

… to model the effects of … on …

… to estimate the effects of … on …

To determine whether …, we …

To assess whether …, we …

To measure the effects of … on …, we …

To assess whether … was affected by …, we …

To investigate whether …, we analysed GB or analyzed US …

… was or were measured by …

… was determined for each … by …

… was measured before and after …

… was used to measure …

… was equipped with …

… was transferred to …

… was or is used in the analysis of … to determine …

… provides a useful estimate of or for …

the simulation showed that …

in the presence of …

in the absence of …

after addition of …

substitution of … for …

if the constraints are relaxed

measurements were made or taken at … sites

background measurements, samples etc. were taken …

… under these conditions …

… following the method outlined in …

… according to standard criteria

… following standard procedure

… in accordance with standard procedures

… was performed according to a or the standard … protocol

… following the manufacturer’s guidelines or instructions

… according to the manufacturer’s guidelines or instructions

… as specified in the manufacturer’s guidelines or instructions

For this we can use a number of strategies

One option here would be to …

Adjustment of … allows us to …

… is enhanced if we …

This method can be used to obtain …

This technology enables us to …

The most usual method is …

… is commonly used in … to measure etc. …

… by the … method

… according to the … method

… as previously described by X

… using the … procedures described by X et al.

… using the … method as modified by X

… later modified by X

… adapted from X et al.

our adaptation of the … or X’s method

X and X advocate the use of …

The method etc. can also be adapted or extended to …

Using this method or technique, we are or were able to …

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Reasoning