Type of study
an initial study of …
an exploratory study of …
a pilot study of …
an overview of …
a survey of …
a critical survey of …
a comprehensive investigation of …
a detailed analysis of …
an in-depth analysis of …
a comparative study of …
a comparative investigation of …
a comparison of …
a theoretical approach
a theoretical analysis of …
a statistical analysis of …
an empirical study or investigation of …
a series of experiments
to conduct an experiment on …
a field study of …
a case study of …
a chronological account of …
a programme GB or program US to or of …
a questionnaire completed by …
interviews carried out between … and … at or in …
a new approach
a new approach to the problem of …
a holistic approach
Method
by examining …
… is or can be obtained by …
with the help of …
with the aid of …
by means of …
by application of …
A useful tool for … is …
an indispensable tool in …
this device enables us to …
we have a number of techniques at our disposal
…, drawing on …
incorporating a number of …
in the context of …
in conjunction with …
based primarily on …
a process involving …
within the framework of …
a or the frame of reference
First we select … ; we then select …
Stage or step 1 involves …. In stage or step 2, we …
Phase 1 …; phase 2 …; phase 3 …
We used …
… to study the effects of … on …
… to examine the effects of … on …
… to model the effects of … on …
… to estimate the effects of … on …
To determine whether …, we …
To assess whether …, we …
To measure the effects of … on …, we …
To assess whether … was affected by …, we …
To investigate whether …, we analysed GB or analyzed US …
… was or were measured by …
… was determined for each … by …
… was measured before and after …
… was used to measure …
… was equipped with …
… was transferred to …
… was or is used in the analysis of … to determine …
… provides a useful estimate of or for …
the simulation showed that …
in the presence of …
in the absence of …
after addition of …
substitution of … for …
if the constraints are relaxed
measurements were made or taken at … sites
background measurements, samples etc. were taken …
… under these conditions …
… following the method outlined in …
… according to standard criteria
… following standard procedure
… in accordance with standard procedures
… was performed according to a or the standard … protocol
… following the manufacturer’s guidelines or instructions
… according to the manufacturer’s guidelines or instructions
… as specified in the manufacturer’s guidelines or instructions
For this we can use a number of strategies
One option here would be to …
Adjustment of … allows us to …
… is enhanced if we …
This method can be used to obtain …
This technology enables us to …
The most usual method is …
… is commonly used in … to measure etc. …
… by the … method
… according to the … method
… as previously described by X
… using the … procedures described by X et al.
… using the … method as modified by X
… later modified by X
… adapted from X et al.
our adaptation of the … or X’s method
X and X advocate the use of …
The method etc. can also be adapted or extended to …
Using this method or technique, we are or were able to …